To Embrace the Night and the Dark Moon

When the sun has set and the moon is high in the sky, a different kind of energy covers the land. Those things that remain unseen during the day come out of hiding, and reveal themselves under the cloak of darkness. In the same way that certain flowers and plants only bloom at night, the powers of the witch are also at their strongest. As dusk approaches, and the busy interactions of the day begin to cease, many prepare for sleep. It is during these night-time hours, particularly between 3am-5am, that psychic interference in the unseen realms is at it’s lowest ebb. The witch can cast his or her spells with minimal obstacles to block their success. Witches have long been associated with the night and with hidden knowledge. The word “Occult” simply means “hidden”. In other words, it is arcane knowledge that is hidden from those without the awareness to comprehend it. The night is the realm of potentiality. It is the nothingness from which all things emerge. All plants grow from within the darkness of the earth. Humans are born from the darkness of the womb. Ideas are formed in the hidden recesses of the creative mind and are then put into visible action. As Above, So Below. What happens above is influenced by what happens below. Likewise, what happens below is influenced by what happens above. This is a concept that applies not only to magical things, but also extends to mundane areas of life, including world events. Those who understand this concept will know that the reasons why things happen in our world are not as simplistic as some try to make it seem. There are hidden forces at work, forces that exist above, below and around us. Witches have the ability to see, to sense, and to influence these forces. In many ways, the night is like the dark depths of the witch’s cauldron. The desired result depends on what energies are directed into it. Just like the magic of the cauldron, the night can absorb and shape, bringing form to the formless. The night is just as alive and potent as the day. Those who tap into the energy of the night can hear it’s mystical hum. Many witches and pagans focus on the Waxing and Full Moon and shy away from the Dark Moon, also called the New Moon. While the Sun reveals how we express ourselves outwardly to the world, the Moon directs us to the things that are hidden within, and also hidden from us. Addictions and insecurities, repressed abilities and gifts, and unseen dangers are often brought to the surface. The Dark Moon is the perfect time to examine these things in a ritual setting, and make the necessary adjustments. There are some who caution against doing any kind of magic during the dark moon, because they fear that it’s energies are too volatile and unpredictable. These fears are unfounded. A general rule is that if it makes you uncomfortable, then simply don’t do it. Personally I have found that some of my most powerful magical workings have taken place during the waning to dark moon phases. You have nothing to fear from these workings unless you bring fear into them. Of course, the dark moon is the perfect time to work on fear-related issues. It is important to understand that light is not always beneficial and darkness is not always harmful. If someone has you backed into a corner, throwing “love and light” at them may not save you. In the old days, witches were respected and feared in equal measure. You wanted to be on their good side. There were consequences for provoking a witch, and they were not pleasant. There was no Wiccan Rede, no imposed magical laws that all witches were expected to follow. Today we are living in dark times, and dark times call for darker magic. It is time for us to move away from the Dark/Evil and Light/Good paradigm. There are some who may think they have your best interests at heart, but in truth are causing you harm. For example, when evangelical Christians pray for your “salvation” they might think they are doing something “good”, but in reality they are practicing harmful magic by trying to overpower your will. Likewise, there are many witches who prefer to dwell in the shadows and under the cover of darkness, using these times to do spells and enchantments that benefit themselves and their communities. It doesn’t make them “evil”, they just work better with these kinds of energies and are more comfortable with them. Many meditation teachers direct their students to visualize going down into the roots of a tree and into the depths of the earth. It is from there that wisdom is first gained and the seeker is then led upwards on the path to enlightenment. The idea is that you must go down before you can go up. Many who work with the chakras begin at the root chakra and then work their way up to the crown. The energy of Kundalini begins at the root, and then uncoils like a serpent as it reaches toward the crown where it becomes fully extended. In some Kabbalistic meditations, practitioners start at the bottom with the Sephirah of Malkuth (Earth) and then ascend upwards to the Sephirah of Keter (Crown) at the top. If we desire to reach the light, we must learn to navigate the darkness, as we remember that darkness and light are two sides of the same coin. The light casts many shadows, and yet the darkness will make the moon and stars appear even brighter. Each side influences and is influenced by the other. The night carries it’s own mystical power and energy. To tap into it, simply wait until the moon is high in the sky and darkness had descended upon the land. Go outside if you can, or open a window. Close your eyes and listen. Become one with the stillness. What does it seem to be saying? As the wind blows through the trees, or as the leaves scatter across the ground, pay attention to any impressions you receive. Learn to commune and embrace the powers of the night. Allow them to become a source of wisdom and comfort. Embracing the dark does not mean we are rejecting the light. The light is necessary and has it’s place in regards to healing and restoration, certainly, but directing all of our energies solely on the light will cause an imbalance within us. One can find healing and restoration even in the dark. Many witches and pagans identify as ‘lightworkers’, however, witches are ‘workers of the dark’ as well as the light. Working with the dark does not mean we dwell on negativity and pessimism, but rather to seek the hidden enchantments in the darkness of the night and the powers of the moon. There is a difference between “Dark” and “Night”. Dark simply refers to the absence of Light, while Night is the opposite of Day. While there are some who work with darkness in a malevolent manner, witches of the Old Ways utilize the darkness for beneficial purposes. That is, we work with the “darkness of the night” as opposed to those who are drawn to the abstract concept of “dark” as a means to cause harm. Pagan author Konstantinos speaks of Good/Dark and Evil/Dark. Witches of the Old Ways are those in the Good/Dark category. What many witches and pagans refer to as the New Moon is the first phase of the lunar cycle, when the moon is between the earth and the sun. This alignment is called a conjunction or syzygy. During this time, the side of the moon that faces earth is not illuminated by the sun and is therefore not visible to us. The moon appears dark because the side facing us receives no direct sunlight. The New Moon marks the beginning of a new lunar cycle, which is approximately 29.5 days long. While most refer to this as the New Moon, many of us call it the Dark Moon. A few days pass from the time the moon begins to disappear from the evening sky until it is completely dark, and then another few days until it reappears as a faint sliver in the morning sky. In magical terms, this is a “between time”, and has the potential for powerful magic to take place. Experienced witches take advantage of these times when planning their spells and enchantments. In Celtic and Irish folklore, people born during a Dark Moon are believed to be granted good health and prosperity, and are encouraged to honor the Dark Moon whenever it occurs to maintain this in their lives. Traditionally, it is a time when people set new goals or begin new projects. In the same way that plants grow up from the darkness of the soil, new intentions are planted like “seeds” during the dark moon phase, that they may sprout and begin to grow as the moon becomes visible again. It is seen as a potent time for personal and spiritual growth, while at the same time it is when many witches do magic to remove harmful influences. In some witchcraft traditions, the dark moon is symbolic of the aged and wise crone, dressed all in black. An Old Ways belief is that the moon is home to spirits of the dead, as they travel from the depths of the earth, through the branches of trees and then ascend upward to the moon. Hecate, goddess of magic, witchcraft and the underworld, was strongly linked to the moon’s darker phases and to crossroads. At these liminal places, offerings were regularly left to her during the dark phase of the moon, just before the new moon, seeking her aid in magical workings or protection. The first visible crescent of the new moon also held significance for Hecate. The night and the dark moon are in many ways like the dark depths of the witch’s cauldron, filled with potentiality and possibility.

Why Being A Witch Is Political

It is because of politics that you can live and practice openly as a witch. During the Salem Witch Trials, (before the United States were formed), witchcraft was considered a felony. This is no longer the case today. In the United Kingdom, the Witchcraft Act was repealed in 1951, allowing people to live freely and openly as witches. Christian Nationalists still seek to undo all of this and criminalize occult practices. It is important that we continue to protect our rights to free speech and freedom of religion: any religion, not just Christianity. In our current political climate, we may wake up one day and find out these rights have been taken away. I don’t mean to sound alarmist, but we really can’t afford to pretend that will never happen. There may come a time when it is illegal not only to be a witch, but to own witchcraft books and materials. With each passing day, the United States drifts further into authoritarianism and fascist rule. Our government is shooting citizens in the street and tear-gassing cars full of children, while the so-called officials defend their heinous actions. None of this is okay. As witches, it is our DUTY to resist with every means possible, and that includes by using witchcraft. March, protest, banish, bind, curse and hex away until all the ice has melted and this corrupt government is removed. For those who say“But the Wiccan Rede…” here’s a newsflash: The Wiccan Rede is for Wiccans and I’m just not that kind of witch. It is your responsibility as a witch to speak out for the marginalized and the oppressed, and work against the oppressors. Throwing ‘love and light’ at them is not going to work this time. Yes, witches are also about peace and healing, but that does not mean we are doormats to be walked on. We do not “turn the other cheek”. We have been provoked. This is not the time for “love and light” and rainbows and unicorns. It is a time for resistance and fighting back. Our communities need us. They need our magic, our protection, our guidance. I’ve been hearing about “the awakening giant”, which means that people are finally waking up and coming out in full force to resist the evil that is happening. We as witches are part of the awakening giant. It is time for us to rise up and come forth in power.

Deity and Devotion

I once read a Facebook post that said “Tonight we’re doing a ritual for protection. What god should we use?” This made me cringe a little, as the gods are not there to be “used”. This practitioner and others with them were planning to call on a random deity for assistance. Yes, there are deities that have protective qualities, but they are not meant to be evoked arbitrarily. Wouldn’t you rather be surrounded by those who have a genuine interest in you, instead of those you only hear from when they need something? I’m sure the deities feel the same way. Now, I know some folks have different ideas about who or what the deities are. Some just view them as archetypes, energies or thoughtforms. I happen to consider them as living, spiritual beings. I acknowledge numerous deities from the Celtic pantheon, primarily the Welsh Goddess Cerridwen. She is a Goddess of inspiration, creativity and transformation. She has a triple aspect as Witch, Goddess and Mother. I have been a devotee of Cerridwen for many years. We have a relationship. A devotee is someone who “devotes” themselves in service to another. Throughout the year, I also honor other Celtic deities in order to strengthen my relationships with them as well. They are not merely aquaintances or strangers I call upon only when I want something. We have an established connection. I have been to many rituals where a practitioner evoked a deity they only learned about hours earlier, and then expected that deity to be present and lend it’s energies to the ceremony. I can guarantee that did not happen. Eclectics might disagree, as this seems to be a common practice, however, I am not eclectic. Buffet style paganism isn’t for me, and I have always questioned it’s authenticity.

So what does it mean to be a devotee to a deity? It means spending time with that deity on a regular basis. Not just to ask for something, but get to know them, as you would learn about someone you just met. Introduce yourself, talk to them, tell them the things you admire about them. Study their lore and stories, which will give clues to their likes, dislikes and things they will respond to. Light candles for them, sing to them and burn incense as an offering. Do rituals that simply honor who they are and the things they represent. Place a statue or photo of them on your altar. When your deities see that you take them seriously, then they will do the same for you. Offerings are important. Offer to them the things they enjoy, but also offer your time and skills in service to them. Learn more about them from other devotees. For example, Cerridwen’s story is full of hidden wisdom, but I have learned a great deal more about her from other devotees who have written books about their own experiences. All of this helps to draw me closer to her. Draw close to your deities, and they will draw close to you. A relationship is a two-way street. Once that has been established then you can start asking for things.

Ideally, they should be things that deity can provide. Cerridwen is a goddess of creativity and inspiration, so I ask for those things to help in my own life situations. Other deities such as Cernunnos and the Morrigan, will assist in other areas as long as I continue my connection with them. That is how it works. If you never do anything for them, how can you expect them to do things for you? Set aside time for devotionals to your deities. Some do them every day, others will do them a few times a week, but make your devotionals a regular practice. Make time for them and they will make time for you. If you don’t have an altar, now is the time to create one. This will be your sacred space to interact with your gods and guides. They are waiting to meet you there. So please, don’t call on random deities for assistance. Develop a relationship with them first, and then they will be there for you.

New Book Release: Old Ways Witchery

My latest book, “Old Ways Witchery: Nature, Magic and Service” contains the twelve monthly lessons that I have shared with private students for over a decade. Each lesson focuses on specific plants, stones and deity figures from the Irish, Scottish and Welsh pantheons. Also in each lesson you will find information on European folk magic, divination, spellcasting, druid philosophy and many other topics. The entire book contains wisdom I have gained from my own studies and meditations, and from teachers that I have had the privilege of meeting and studying with personally. Each lesson takes one month to complete, and includes homework and practical application. This book contains my own practice, and is presented exactly the way I practice it. I call it a “tradition”, as it is something I have passed on to my own students, but anyone can incorporate these lessons into their own practice. Each lesson is devoted to one month, beginning with March. My private lessons usually begin at this time, but those who have the book can begin at any time. It did take me quite awhile to format all of my lessons into one book. Time was scarce, as I still work a full-time job in the city and commute every day to the mountains where I live. Weekends are my writing times, since during the week I’m much too exhausted.

My definition of Old Ways includes beliefs and practices that pre-date modern magical systems such as Wicca. I present a blend of Witchcraft, Celtic Paganism, Druid Philosophy, Folk Magic, Occult Wisdom and other esoteric knowledge that has been passed down through the centuries. This may differ from other Old Ways traditions that have their own practices and rituals. Although the Old Ways themselves are not rooted in any one culture, they can have cultural elements. For instance, there are Italian Old Ways, Greek Old Ways and Celtic Old Ways. All of these pre-date modern magical practices. My practice happens to focus on the Celtic pantheon, with it’s associated imagery and lore.

Old Ways Witchery: Nature, Magic and Service is presented as a structured, monthly practice in twelve lessons. Get your copy now at this link.

The Ancient Art of Cord Magic

Cord Magic, or what some refer to as a “Witch’s Ladder”, is a very old practice of witchcraft that consists of knotted cords. As each knot is tied into the cord, an incantation is spoken to seal the spell into the cord. Many witches will tie feathers, bones, charms or magical trinkets into the knots. At the tying of the last knot, all the energy is directed into the cord and it’s knots. The power has been raised and is now stored in these knots in the cord. Different traditions of witchcraft use varying numbers of knots, and for various kinds of magic. Cords are usually made of string, yarn, twine, and sometimes animal or human hair. The oldest documented witch’s ladder was recorded in the year 1878, when one was found in a hidden room of an old house in Shropshire, England. It had been knotted with black hen feathers and was believed to have been used with malevolent intentions. Further investigations found that this was a common practice among local witches. As a reminder, witchcraft is neutral, being neither good nor evil, and it is the intention of the witch that is key. In this tradition of Old Ways Witchery, we use the witch’s ladder for healing, protection and other beneficial purposes. Evidence of sacred knotted cords exists from the Stone Age. See below the diagram of a witch’s ladder consisting of nine knots, along with an incantation for each knot. This can be applied to any spell you wish to cast. Choose the color according to your goal-example: red for relationships, green for prosperity, black for protection, white for healing. Examine your motives and intentions, as the final knot will set the spell in motion. Place the completed cord where it will not be disturbed.

You will notice in the preceding diagram that the knots are not tied in a straight line down the cord. The first knot is tied at one end, the second knot at the other, the third knot in the center, and then alternately according to the diagram below until the last knot is tied. In many witch shops you may see witch’s ladders that have crystals, plants and other items knotted within the cord. These are all quite beautiful and effective, however, in our tradition of Old Ways Witchery, simple knots with incantations are all that is necessary.

Snowflake Obsidian

An aptly named stone to wear during the winter months, Snowflake Obsidian brings balance to the body, mind and spirit. It helps to keep us centered and focused in chaotic situations. Obsidian is often used for healing and releasing energy blockages, and works quickly to move truths to the surface so they can be resolved. This stone is associated with detoxification or purification. Detoxification refers to the removal of toxic substances from both body and spirit. Alternative healing practitioners have used snowflake obsidian to purify the body by eliminating certain viral and bacterial infections. It is also being used to address complications related to blood circulation. It is believed that wearing jewelry with snowflake obsidian will help diminish muscle pains and cramps. It eases pain in the digestive system, and helps to reveal unhealthy patterns of behavior. Owners of snowflake obsidian have claimed that it lends a calming effect in the midst of turbulent circumstances. It helps one generate stability in times of uncertainty. Tension caused by stress is curbed by positioning the Snowflake Obsidian stone between the thumb and index finger. It strikes a balance in one’s body and mind, thereby easing confusion and bringing focus. During the month of December, wear snowflake obsidian jewelry or carry the stone with you. When meditating, lie down and place the stone on your heart area. Place your hands over the stone and say, “I charge this stone to bring healing and restoration”. Close your eyes, bring yourself into a meditative state, then allow the stone do it’s healing work. Take note of any personal issues that come to your mind as you meditate with the stone. Use in spells for balance, healing, and the revealing of truth.

The Magic of John Dee

Photo: Wikipedia

On a recent visit to London, I went to the British Museum, where I was able to get a close-up look at magical artifacts that once belonged to John Dee. He lived from 1527 to around 1609, and was the court astrologer to Queen Elizabeth I. He was a student of the occult, practicing divination, sorcery, numerology and the hermetic arts. He was also an alchemist and had one of the largest libraries in England. He is credited with writing the Monas Hieroglyphica (still available today), a work that contains a magical glyph believed to express the unity of all creation. In his other works, he and his assistant Edward Kelley divined what they believed to be an angelic language, which came to be known as ‘Enochian’. Dee was particularly drawn to angelic beings and spent much of his time in practices to communicate with them. This was done through the use of a black obsidian scrying mirror, and crystal ball placed on a wax tablet inscribed with magical symbols. These rare items are, of course, sealed inside a glass case at the British Museum, but I was still able to get quite close to them and take a few photos. While I have no personal interest in angels, I am more interested in Dee’s ideas about magic and divination. He did keep diaries which are still accessible today, and I am anxious to have a look at them. ‘Enochian’ is another of those magical languages that must be deciphered, much like the Theban alphabet, runes or ogham. Some witches use these languages to write spells or label certain magical oils or other items, as they are only known to the esoteric folk who recognize them. If you have the opportunity to visit the British Museum, you can view the items belonging to John Dee in the Enlightenment Gallery on the first floor. This gallery has many other magical artifacts from various cultures on display. It was quite a thrilling experience to be so close to these items that were once in the hands of John Dee himself.

The Monas Hieroglyphica (below)

Magic of the In-Between

There are certain times of the day and night, certain times of the year, certain celestial events, and certain places that carry their own special magic. Those who are sensitive can feel the energies that exist in these liminal spaces, and work their magic accordingly. When we find ourselves in these “in-between” places, we are neither in one place or the other, and we stand on a threshold in a place of separateness. Within these spaces, anything is possible for the skilled magical practitioner.

Dusk and Dawn: During these times, it is neither day nor night, and the energy feels almost electric. Dusk is a perfect time for magic that removes something harmful, while Dawn is good for magic that involves healing and illumination.

Midnight: As night shifts into early morning, it is a time to release whatever does not serve your highest good.

Noon: At midday when the Sun is at it’s peak, it is a great time for deity worship, and for setting in motion those spells that involve dreams, goals and desires.

Witching Hours: Between 3am-5am when most people are sleeping, interference in the astral realms are at their lowest ebb. This means your spells and magical workings can flow unhindered and uninterrupted by the usual chaotic energies that exist during busy daytime hours.

Full Moon: While a true Full Moon only lasts for an instant, the moon will appear full for a period of two to three days before and after the actual Full Moon. Use this energy for spell workings that bring beneficial things into your life, such as healing and prosperity.

Dark of the Moon: This is an often overlooked period that occurs during the two to three days before a “New Moon”. The moon appears completely dark during this time, and the waxing crescent has not yet become visible. Magic during the Dark of the Moon is focused on introspective work, banishing and binding, and removing things that are harmful from your life.

New Moon: The actual New Moon occurs very quickly, but takes place when the Dark of the Moon has ended. This is a time for magic involving new projects and setting new ideas into motion.

Lunar Eclipse: This occurs during a Full Moon, when the moon passes directly behind the Earth into it’s shadow. It is a time of increased awareness and growth on an inner, spiritual level.

Solar Eclipse: This occurs during the New Moon, when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth. It presents a powerful potential for change on an outward, visible level.

Samhain: On this the most magical of holidays, it is believed that the veil that separates the worlds of the living and the dead is at it’s thinnest, and spirits of departed loved ones can walk among us and communicate with us.

Winter Solstice: The longest night of the year is a time to acknowledge our own darker aspects, while embracing the coming light.

Spring Equinox: On this day of equal daylight and darkness, we celebrate the newness of life and the re-awakening of the earth.

Beltane: Another in-between day when the doors to the faery realm have opened, and we celebrate sexuality, passion and desire.

Summer Solstice: The longest day of the year is a time for powerful magic, harvesting herbs and plants, and celebrating friendship and fun.

Autumn Equinox: Another day of equal light and darkness, and celebrating our personal harvests. After today, the nights begin to grow longer and we enter the dark half of the year.

Beach: When we stand on the beach by the water, we stand on the literal boundary of Land, Sea and Sky.

Thresholds: Doorways, windows and gates are places that exist “in-between” and represent liminality, places that exist “neither here nor there”. They provide safety and protection, and there are spells that involve using a doorway or a window.

Edge of the Forest: There is a special kind of energy at the forest’s edge. As we walk into the woods, it is as though we enter another world. Suddenly we are surrounded by nature, trees and wildlife. The energy feels primal and ancient, and the spirits of the land are strongly present.

Crossroads: There are many spells that involve burying items or leaving offerings at a crossroads.

Natural Portals: The landscape often provides natural portals. Bushes, branches and trees can form a “doorways” or a passages that one can walk through. We have several such portals on our property that are frequently used by the local wildlife.

Hearth: This liminal place exists within the home. It is a place of warmth, family and magic. A cauldron in the hearth can be used for spell workings that bring abundance and protection for the family.

Witches’ Circle: The witches’ circle is a ‘world between worlds’, keeping out what is harmful and keeping in what is needed for successful magical workings.

Graveyards: Another liminal place where we can honor the departed dead, particularly during Samhain and the Day of the Dead.

Each of these ‘in-between’ places have their own magical energy that we can tap into. Can you think of any others?

Potions and Powders

Potions

A potion is any mixture of natural substances that are used for a magical purpose. They can be water based, alcohol based, oil based or dry powder based. Potions are not always necessarily something you consume. Potions that you drink are also known as tinctures or brews. Be sure to mark potions that are for drinking. Liquid potions that are not to be consumed are used topically, preserved with sea salt, and can be used to anoint magical tools. Dry potions containing non-toxic materials can be burned as incense, or sprinkled on people, around the perimeter of the home, around the flame or rubbed on a candle, or dusted over the magical working area. Items placed in potions include the following:

  • Plant Matter: Leaves, Stems, Flowers, Roots, Resins and Bark.
  • Mineral Matter: Metals, Chemicals, Crystals.
  • Animal Matter: Hair, Nails, Bones, Teeth.

Ancestor Summoning Potion

    For burning or sprinkling, use equal parts of the following:

    • Dragon’s Blood Powder
    • Red Sandalwood Powder
    • Pumpkin Powder
    • Wormwood

      Mix together by hand, adding small pieces of frankincense and myrrh resin. This potion is best used at Samhain, or during the waning to dark moon phase. It’s purpose is to summon the presence of ancestors into the magic circle. Burn as an incense, or sprinkle on the altar, or around the perimeter of the circle.

      Powders

      Magical powders are made primarily to be sprinkled, dusted or placed in shoes or specific areas to bring a desired effect. Powders are ground to a fine dust using a mortar and pestle. They can be made from several items, including the following:

      • Dried herbs, flowers and plants
      • Brick dust
      • Graveyard soil
      • Iron or copper shavings
      • Tree resins
      • Powdered crystals and stones
      • Sand

      Attraction Powder

      Equal parts of the following:

      • Damiana Leaf
      • Cinnamon
      • Basil

      Ground all ingredients together into a powder. Sprinkle on a photo, in the corners of a room, or in shoes. Rub on spell candles, or place in a small container to carry with you. This particular recipe is non-toxic and can be burned together, or sprinkled around a candle flame.

      *Some potions and powders include metals, chemicals or crystals, and are not to be burned or sprinkled on people, as they can contain highly toxic and dangerous materials. When using plant material, use caution when including those that may be poisonous. Make sure that all potions and powders are labeled as toxic or non-toxic, and are tightly sealed when not in use.

      The Witch’s Circle

      The concept of the Witch’s Circle is not a modern invention, and is not solely a Wiccan practice. It is used by ceremonial magicians, traditional witches, and even some druid groups. Many medieval woodcuts depict witches standing in or casting a circle of protection. Famous works of art, such as the 1886 oil painting The Magic Circle by John William Waterhouse (below), depict a witch casting a circle using a sword.

      What is the Witch’s Circle?

      As witches are weavers of energy, they utilize it in many forms. The celestial energies of the stars and planets, the natural energies of stones, plants and trees, as well as the elemental energies of earth, air, fire and water all work together with the witch as companions in magic. Casting the circle creates an energetic boundary of protection around the witch, keeping in only those energies that are needed for magical workings and keeping out anything that may be harmful. The circle typically involves the use of intention, visualization and incantation. A proper circle requires strong focus and concentration, and should not be attempted in a casual or haphazard manner. Take your time and don’t rush it. It is not uncommon to sense a change in temperature or a difference in atmosphere when the circle has been cast successfully. It has been noted that often the person casting the circle will not feel any changes, but others present in the circle will notice a marked change. When casting the magic circle, some traditions begin in the north, others in the south. Practitioners may use a wand, an athame, a sword, or just the hand. Some will cast a circle with specially selected herbs or with salt. When the circle has been completed, it is not merely a circle but a sphere. The circle caster may either stand in the center and turn, or walk the perimeter of the circle. Either method will depend on available space, the location of the altar, how many people are present, or whether the ceremony is indoors or outdoors. For outdoor and public circles, I place the altar in the center and walk the perimeter of the circle. My indoor altar sits against an east facing wall, only because of space limitations. I stand in the center of the room and cast my circle to the walls. An outdoor circle can also be traced on the ground with a stang (a forked wooden staff).

      The circle is cast by walking (or turning) three circles in a clockwise direction. Various traditions have their own circle-casting incantations, but they typically go something like this:

      (Circle One) I cast this circle to protect me (us) from all harmful energies.

      (Circle Two) I cast this circle to allow only the most perfect energies for this work, and block out all other energies.

      (Circle Three) I cast this circle to be a sacred space and a world between worlds, where the highest will is sovereign.

      (This particular circle call is inspired by author/teacher Christopher Penczak, and I use it in my own circles. I have found it very effective).

      It is important to speak loudly and with authority. This isn’t a game and you’re not just saying words. We are working with energy here, bending and shaping it with our will, intent and visualization. As we walk the circle, we see it in our mind’s eye as a blue light emanating from the wand, athame or coming out of the hand. When your ceremony or ritual is complete, then you will release the circle. Some traditions use the terms “opening and closing”, but I prefer “casting and releasing”, which makes more sense to me. To release the circle, simply walk the circle in only one counter-clockwise direction and say something like “I release this circle out into the universe”. Again, various traditions will have their own incantations for circle casting and releasing, but you can certainly write your own. The main purposes for the circle are to be a boundary of protection, a container of energy, and to be a sacred space. The circle should be cast before doing any magic, rituals or ceremonies. I use the circle for any magical workings I do at the altar, including divination.

      There are many other nuances to casting the circle, indeed entire books have been written about it, but in this article I wanted to share some important considerations. This article did not address the calling of the elements, deities or directions. I wanted to focus primarily on the actual casting and releasing of the circle. For a more detailed description of circle-casting and ritual ceremony, I recommend the wonderful book, “The Outer Temple of Witchcraft: Circles, Spells and Rituals”, by Christopher Penczak.

      Medieval woodcut of witches in a circle.